Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

Pairwise compatibility measure (CM) is a key component in solving the jigsaw puzzle problem (JPP) and many of its recently proposed variants. With the rapid rise of deep neural networks (DNNs), a trade-off between performance (i.e., accuracy) and computational efficiency has become a very significant issue. Whereas an end-to-end DNN-based CM model exhibits high performance, it becomes virtually infeasible on very large puzzles, due to its highly intensive computation. On the other hand, exploiting the concept of embeddings to alleviate significantly the computational efficiency, has resulted in degraded performance, according to recent studies. This paper derives an advanced CM model (based on modified embeddings and a new loss function, called hard batch triplet loss) for closing the above gap between speed and accuracy; namely a CM model that achieves SOTA results in terms of performance and efficiency combined. We evaluated our newly derived CM on three commonly used datasets, and obtained a reconstruction improvement of 5.8% and 19.5% for so-called Type-1 and Type-2 problem variants, respectively, compared to best known results due to previous CMs.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

我们最近提出了一个以DBM为中心的新群集操作系统堆栈DBO。DBO通过将ML代码封装在存储过程中，集中辅助ML数据，为基础DBMS内置的安全性，共同关注ML代码和数据以及跟踪数据和工作流源来源，从而为ML应用程序提供了独特的支持。在这里，我们在两个ML应用程序附近演示了这些好处的子集。我们首先表明，使用GPU的图像分类和对象检测模型可以用作DBOS存储程序，具有与现有系统竞争性能的DBOS存储程序。然后，我们提出了一项1D CNN，训练有素，可以在DBOS支持的Web服务上检测HTTP请求中的异常情况，从而实现SOTA结果。我们使用此模型来开发交互式异常检测系统，并通过定性用户反馈对其进行评估，并证明了其有用性作为未来工作的概念证明，以在DBO上开发实时的实时安全服务。

培训和评估语言模型越来越多地要求构建元数据 - 多样化的策划数据收集，并具有清晰的出处。自然语言提示最近通过将现有的，有监督的数据集转换为多种新颖的预处理任务，突出了元数据策划的好处，从而改善了零击的概括。尽管将这些以数据为中心的方法转化为生物医学语言建模的通用域文本成功，但由于标记的生物医学数据集在流行的数据中心中的代表性大大不足，因此仍然具有挑战性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了BigBio一个由126个以上的生物医学NLP数据集的社区库，目前涵盖12个任务类别和10多种语言。 BigBio通过对数据集及其元数据进行程序化访问来促进可再现的元数据策划，并与当前的平台兼容，以及时工程和端到端的几个/零射击语言模型评估。我们讨论了我们的任务架构协调，数据审核，贡献指南的过程，并概述了两个说明性用例：生物医学提示和大规模，多任务学习的零射门评估。 BigBio是一项持续的社区努力，可在https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/biomedical上获得。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

This paper introduces the novel CNN-based encoder Twin Embedding Network (TEN), for the jigsaw puzzle problem (JPP), which represents a puzzle piece with respect to its boundary in a latent embedding space. Combining this latent representation with a simple distance measure, we demonstrate improved accuracy levels of our newly proposed pairwise compatibility measure (CM), compared to that of various classical methods, for degraded puzzles with eroded tile boundaries. We focus on this problem instance for our case study, as it serves as an appropriate testbed for real-world scenarios. Specifically, we demonstrated an improvement of up to 8.5% and 16.8% in reconstruction accuracy, for so-called Type-1 and Type-2 problem variants, respectively. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that TEN is faster by a few orders of magnitude, on average, than a typical deep neural network (NN) model, i.e., it is as fast as the classical methods. In this regard, the paper makes a significant first attempt at bridging the gap between the relatively low accuracy (of classical methods and the intensive computational complexity (of NN models), for practical, real-world puzzle-like problems.

储层计算（RC）已经获得了最近的兴趣，因为无需培训储层权重，从而实现了极低的资源消费实施，这可能会对边缘计算和现场学习的影响有严格的限制。理想情况下，天然硬件储层应被动，最小，表现力和可行性。迄今为止，拟议的硬件水库很难满足所有这些标准。因此，我们建议通过利用偶极耦合，沮丧的纳米磁体的被动相互作用来符合所有这些标准的水库。挫败感大大增加了稳定的储层国家的数量，丰富了储层动力学，因此这些沮丧的纳米磁体满足了天然硬件储层的所有标准。同样，我们提出了具有低功率互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）电路的完全沮丧的纳米磁管储层计算（NMRC）系统与储层接口，并且初始实验结果证明了储层的可行性。在三个单独的任务上，通过微磁模拟对储层进行了验证。将所提出的系统与CMOS Echo-State网络（ESN）进行了比较，表明总体资源减少了10,000,000多倍，这表明，由于NMRC自然是被动的，而且最小的可能是具有极高资源效率的潜力。

一个多世纪以前，伊万·P·帕夫洛夫（Ivan P. Pavlov）在经典实验中展示了狗如何学会将铃铛与食物联系起来，从而导致戒指导致唾液。如今，很少发现使用Pavlovian类型的关联学习用于人工智能（AI）应用程序，即使其他学习概念，尤其是对人工神经网络（ANN）的反向传播也蓬勃发展。但是，使用反向传播方法的训练在“常规” ANN上，尤其是现代深神经网络（DNNS）的形式，是计算和能量密集型的。在这里，我们在实验上展示了使用单个（或单一）关联硬件元素的无反向传播学习形式。我们使用相位变换材料与芯片级联方向耦合器相结合的集成光子平台上意识到这一点。然后，我们使用我们的Monadic Pavlovian光子硬件开发扩展的电路网络，该硬件可以基于单元素关联提供独特的机器学习框架，并且重要的是，重要的是，使用无反向传播的架构来解决一般学习任务。我们的方法通过在传统的神经网络方法中学习来减轻施加的计算负担，从而提高了速度，同时还提供了我们光子实现固有的更高带宽。